Small-flowered Leptosiphon

Small-flowered Linanthus, Variable Linanthus
Leptosiphon parviflorus
NATIVE – CA ENDEMIC

Description (Jepson, PlantID.net)

• Eudicotyledon
  • Eudicots are a major lineage of flowering plants; see family for general characteristics
• Phlox family (Polemoniaceae)
• Annual herb
  • Softly hairy
• Stem generally erect and branching at base
  • Reddish as it ages
• Leaves
  • Opposite (2 leaves at each junction with stem), appearing whorled
    • Small pairs are widely-spaced along stems
  • Palmately compound (separate leaflets radiating from a single point) with deeply-cleft, needle-like leaflets
• Flowers
  • Inflorescence (flower arrangement) is head-like with few to many flowers
  • Calyx, collective term for sepals (usually green, outer flower parts) is densely hairy and glandular (sticky)
  • Funnel-shaped flower with 5-petaled dish-like face (salverform)
    • Long, narrow floral tube (≤ 1.8 in)
    • Petals may be white, pink, yellow, or purple
      • At Edgewood, petals are white, though nearby populations have bright pink petals (Corelli 2004)
      • Often with red marks at base
      • Throat may be yellow, orange, or purple
    • Stamens (male flower parts) with yellow-orange pollen are exserted (extending beyond petals)
  • Ovary superior (attached above other flower parts)
• Fruit a capsule (a dry, multi-chambered fruit that splits open at maturity)
• Height to 16 in.
  • At Edgewood, rarely exceeds 7 in.

Distribution

• Native and endemic (limited) to California
  • Grows in open areas as well as chaparral, oak woodlands, and mixed evergreen forests
  • See Calflora for statewide observations of this plant
• Grows at elevations to 3,900 ft.

Uses (San Mateo County Parks prohibits removal of any natural material)

• No documented wildlife or human uses found for this species

Name Derivation

• Leptosiphon (lep-toe-SY-fon) – from the Greek leptos, “slender,” and siphon, “tube”
• parviflorus (par-vi-FLOR-us) – from the Greek parvus, “small,” and florus, “flower”
• Variable linanthus – alternative common name for this species, refers to the variable number of flowers in the head and the range of flower colors (Santa Monica Mountains Trails Council 2017)

Notes

• Previously in the genus Linanthus
  • Linanthus – from the Greek linon, “flax,” and anthos, “flower”
  • Often still used in common names for Leptosiphon species
• Most common Leptosiphon species in California (Mitchell 2017)
• Flowers close at night or when it’s cloudy
  • This process is an example of photonasty, a nastic response to light
  • Nastic responses occur when a plant part, such as a flower or leaf, moves in response to a stimulus (Mauseth 2012), e.g., humidity (hydronasty), light (photonasty), temperature (thermonasty), or touch (thigmonasty)
    • Nastic responses are caused by changes in turgor pressure 
    • They are independent of the direction of the stimulus and usually are reversible and repeatable
  • Nastic responses differ from tropic responses
    • Tropic responses are directional growth movements—a plant grows toward or away from a stimulus, e.g., light (phototropism), gravity (gravitropism) or touch (thigmotropism)
    • All plants have tropic responses, but only some plants have nastic responses

ID Tips

• May be confused with 3 other species of Leptosiphon at Edgewood, along with one non-native member of the Flax family (Linaceae), narrow-leaved flax (Linum bienne)
  • Serpentine leptosiphon (L. ambiguus)
  • Common leptosiphon (L. androsaceus)
  • Flax-flowered leptosiphon (L. liniflorus)
  • Narrow-leaved flax (Linum bienne)

	Serpentine Leptosiphon	Small-flowered Leptosiphon	Common Leptosiphon	Flax-flowered Leptosiphon	Narrow-leaved Flax
Inflorescence	few-flowered spray	many-flowered head	many-flowered head	few-flowered spray	few-flowered spray
Flower Shape	flat, open-face … funnel	flat, open face … very long, narrow funnel	flat, open face … long, narrow funnel	cupped to open face … short funnel	cupped to open face … no funnel
Floral Tube Length	≤ 0.24 in.	≤ 1.8 in	≤ 1.3 in	≤ 0.08 in.	…
Petal Color	lavender to pink	white to cream¹ … often with 2 red dots at yellow base	pale lavender to pink	white … purple veins	white to blue … purple veins
Pollen Color	yellow-orange	yellow-orange	yellow-orange	yellow-orange	blue

At Edgewood

• Found in serpentine and non-serpentine grasslands
  • See iNaturalist for observations of this plant
• Flowers April – May

Specific References

Breckling, B. 2008. Spring Wildflowers of Henry W. Coe State Park and the Inland San Francisco Bay Area. Pine Ridge Association.

Mauseth, J. 2012. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Burlington, Massachusetts.

Miller, L.B. 2004. Linanthus ambiguus [Illustration of Leptosiphon ambiguus, adapted]. T. Corelli. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California. (c) CC BY NC 3.0.

Miller, L.B. 2004. Linanthus androsaceus [Illustration of Leptosiphon androsaceus, adapted]. T. Corelli. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California. (c) CC BY NC 3.0.

Miller, L.B. 2004. Linanthus liniflorus [Illustration of Leptosiphon liniflorus, adapted]. T. Corelli. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California. (c) CC BY NC 3.0.

Miller, L.B. 2004. Linanthus parviflorus [Illustration, of Leptosiphon parviflorus, adapted]. T. Corelli. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California. (c) CC BY NC 3.0.

Miller, L.B. 2004. Linum bienne [Illustration, adapted]. T. Corelli. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California. (c) CC BY NC 3.0.

Mitchell, M. 2017. Polemoniaceae: Phlox family – Linanthus. Monterey County Wildflowers, Trees, and Ferns – A Photographic Guide.

Prigge, B.A., and A.C. Gibson. 2013. Leptosiphon parviflorus. A Naturalist’s Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills, California. Web version, hosted at Wildflowers of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. National Park Service. US Department of Interior.

Santa Monica Mountains Trails Council. 2017. Variable Linanthus.

General References

Calflora Database. 2014. Berkeley, California.

Calscape. 2018. California Native Plant Society.

Charters, M.L. 2015. California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations.

Charters, M.L. 2017. Southern California Wildflowers: Guide to the Pronunciation of Specific, Generic and Family Names.

Corelli, T. 2004. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California.

Dave’s Garden.

Elpel, T.J. 2013. Botany in a Day: The Patterns Method of Plant Identification. HOPS Press, Pony, Montana.

Flora of North America. efloras.org.

Harris, J.G., and M.W. Harris. 2013. Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, Utah.

Keator, G. 2009. California Plant Families. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

Native American Ethnobotany DB.

Regents of the University of California. Jepson eFlora. Jepson Herbarium. University of California, Berkeley.