Yellow Cream Sacs :

Castilleja rubicundula ssp. lithospermoides
NATIVE

Description (Jepson, PlantID.net)

Eudicotyledon
- Eudicots are a major lineage of flowering plants; see family for general characteristics
Broomrape Family (Orobanchaceae)
Annual herb, semi-parasitic
- Hairy and glandular (sticky)
Leaves
- Alternate (1 leaf at each junction with stem), with blades attached directly to the stem (sessile)
- Lance-shaped
Flowers
- Inflorescence (flower arrangement) is a dense spike (single stem bearing stalkless flowers)
  - Bracts (modified leaves) at base are green and lobed
- Bilaterally-symmetrical flowers are yellow
  - Tube-shaped, partially covered by bracts and sepals (usually green, outer flower parts)
  - 5 petals in two sets
    - 2-lobed upper lip creates a straight beak (a slender projection)
    - Lower lip forms 3 inflated pouches
  - Stigma (pollen-receiving part of the pistil/female structure) exserted atop the beak
- Ovary superior (above the attachment of other flower parts)
Fruit is a capsule
Height to 28 in.

Distribution

Native to California
- Grows in grasslands
- 55-64% of plants occur on ultramafic soils, e.g. serpentine; see ultramafic affinity rankings (Calflora per Safford and Miller 2020)
- See Serpentine Grassland for more about Edgewood’s serpentine soil and the unique communities it supports
- See Calflora for statewide observations of this plant
Outside California, grows in southwestern Oregon
Grows at elevations to 2,950 ft.

Uses (San Mateo County Parks prohibits removal of any natural material)

Wildlife
- Larval food source (host) for several butterfly species, e.g. common buckeye (Junonia coenia), Leanira checkerspot (Chlosyne leanira), variable checkerspot (Euphydryas chalcedona), and the endangered Bay checkerspot (E. editha bayensis)
- Yellow cream sacs play a role, along with other related owl’s-clovers (see chart), in efforts to re-establish the Bay Checkerspot Butterfly at Edgewood
Native people
- Harvested the seeds of Castilleja species, which were an important food source (Anderson 2005)
  - Flowers were used in ceremonial wreaths

Name Derivation

Castilleja (kas-til-AY-ha) – named for Domingo Castillejo Muñoz (1744-1793), a Spanish surgeon and professor of botany
rubicundula (roo-bee-KUND-yoo-la) – from the Latin rubicunda, “reddish”
lithospermoides (lith-oh-sper-MOI-dees) – from the Greek lithos, “stone,” and sperma, “seed”

Notes

Partial root parasite (hemiparasitic)
- Capable of photosynthesis, but obtains nutrients and water from a variety of other plants (Heckard 1962)
- Specialized root structures called haustoria (singular, haustorium) penetrate the host plant’s roots
Plants in the genus Castilleja are known to hybridize
Formerly in the Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)
Edgewood’s yellow cream sacs is classified as a subspecies
- Subspecies indicates a geographically-separated population with distinct morphological characteristics; when not isolated, interbreeding is possible
- Variety indicates a population with small morphological variations, e.g. color, seen throughout the geographic range of the species; interbreeding is possible
- In practice, botanists have not consistently applied these ranks

ID Tips

May be confused with 3 other grassland Castilleja species at Edgewood: dense-flowered owl’s-clover (C. densiflora ssp. densiflora), purple owl’s-clover (C. exserta ssp. exserta), and valley tassels (C. attenuata)

	Dense-flowered Owl’s-clover	Purple Owl’s-clover	Valley Tassels	Yellow Cream Sacs
Hairiness	slightly hairy	densely hairy (cobwebby)	slightly hairy	hairy
Inflorescence	dense spike	dense spike	narrow spike	bulging spike
Flower
Sepal Color	green to pink … light pink tips	magenta … pink tips	green … white or yellow tips	green
Petal Color	mostly white with pink … yellow and purple accents	white and magenta or pink … yellow and purple accents	white to pale yellow … yellow and purple accents	bright yellow to cream
Pouch¹	inflated	inflated	slightly inflated	greatly inflated
Beak²	straight … not hairy	hooked … densely hairy	straight … not hairy	straight … not hairy

¹ Pouch: 3 lower fused petals
² Beak: 2 upper fused petals

Dense-flowered Owl’s-clover (L), Purple Owl’s-clover (LM), Valley Tassels (RM), Yellow Cream Sacs (R)
© DSchiel (L, LM, R), TCorelli (RM)

Dense-flowered Owl’s-clover (L), Purple Owl’s-clover (LM), Valley Tassels (RM), Yellow Cream Sacs (R)
© JMason and © LMiller and © Regents of the University of California

At Edgewood

Found in serpentine and non-serpentine grasslands
- See iNaturalist for observations of Castilleja rubicundula
Flowers April – June

Specific References

Alexander, E.B. 2010, Oct. & 2011, Jan. Serpentine soils and why they limit plant survival and growth. Fremontia 38/39: 28-31.

Anderson, M.K. 2005. Tending the Wild. University of California, Berkeley.

Heckard, L.R. 1962. Root parasitism in Castilleja. Abstract. Botanical Gazette 124(1). The University of Chicago Press Journals.

Mason, J. 2004. Scrophulariaceae — Figwort family characteristics [Illustration of owl’s clover beak, adapted]. T. Corelli. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California. (c) CC BY NC 3.0.

Miller, L.B. 2004. Castilleja attenuata [Illustration, adapted]. T. Corelli. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California. (c) CC BY NC 3.0.

Miller, L.B. 2004. Castilleja densiflora ssp. densiflora [Illustration, adapted]. T. Corelli. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California. (c) CC BY NC 3.0.

Miller, L.B. 2004. Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta [Illustration, adapted]. T. Corelli. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California. (c) CC BY NC 3.0.

Miller, L.B. 2004. Castilleja rubicundula ssp. lithospermoides [Illustration, adapted]. T. Corelli. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California. (c) CC BY NC 3.0.

Mitchell, M. 2017. Orobanchaceae: Broomrape family — Castilleja (paintbrush & owl’s-clover). Monterey County Wildflowers, Trees, and Ferns – A Photographic Guide.

Regents of the University of California. Castilleja exserta subsp. exserta [Illustration of beak, adapted]. Jepson eFlora. Jepson Herbarium. University of California, Berkeley.

Regents of the University of California. Castilleja rubicundula subsp. lithospermoides [Illustration of beak, adapted]. Jepson eFlora. Jepson Herbarium. University of California, Berkeley.

Safford, H.D. 2010, Oct. & 2011, Jan. Serpentine endemism of the California flora. Fremontia 38/39: 32-39.

Safford, H.D., and J.E.D. Miller. 2020. An updated database of serpentine endemism in the California flora. Madroño 67(2): 85-104. BioOne Complete. PDF hosted by San Diego State University, San Diego, California.

General References

Calflora Database. 2014. Berkeley, California.

Calscape. 2018. California Native Plant Society.

Charters, M.L. 2015. California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations.

Charters, M.L. 2017. Southern California Wildflowers: Guide to the Pronunciation of Specific, Generic and Family Names.

Corelli, T. 2004. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California.

Dave’s Garden.

Elpel, T.J. 2013. Botany in a Day: The Patterns Method of Plant Identification. HOPS Press, Pony, Montana.

Flora of North America. efloras.org.

Harris, J.G., and M.W. Harris. 2013. Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, Utah.

Keator, G. 2009. California Plant Families. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

Native American Ethnobotany DB.

Regents of the University of California. Jepson eFlora. Jepson Herbarium. University of California, Berkeley.