Red Maids

Calandrinia menziesii
NATIVE

Description (Jepson, PlantID.net)

• Eudicotyledon
  • Eudicots are a major lineage of flowering plants; see family for general characteristics
• Miner’s Lettuce Family (Montiaceae)
• Annual herb
• Leaves
  • Alternate (1 leaf at each stem junction) and linear to spoon-shaped
  • Light green and slightly succulent in texture
• Flowers
  • Inflorescence (flower arrangement) is a raceme (unbranched stem with stalked flowers opening from the bottom up)
  • Generally 5 pink, red, or magenta petals with white streaks leading to a white center
  • Yellow-orange anthers (pollen-producing parts of the stamens/male structures)
  • Ovary superior (above the attachment of other flower parts)
• Fruit is a capsule (a dry, multi-chambered fruit that splits open at maturity)
• Height to 16 in.

Distribution

• Native to California
  • Grows in grasslands and disturbed areas, along trails or roads, and where gophers have been active
  • See Calflora for statewide observation of this plant
• Outside California, grows in New Mexico and Baja California, Mexico
• Grows at elevations to 7,200 ft.

Uses (San Mateo County Parks prohibits removal of any natural material)

• Wildlife
  • Nectar source for bees
  • Seeds eaten by birds, insects, and small mammals
• Native people
  • Ate the young leaves and shoots
  • Prized the seeds for their flavor
    • Used for pinole (Anderson 2005)
      • Pinole is a general term for various flours made from the ground, toasted seeds of wildflowers and grasses, eaten dry or moistened and shaped into balls or cakes
      • “Pinole” is a Hispanic version of an Aztec word
    • Used as a significant offering as evidenced by their presence at numerous burial sites (Timbrook 1982)
      • In 1968, archeologists discovered 12 quarts of red maids seeds at a 600-year-old burial site on Santa Rosa Island off the coast of Santa Barbara; this quantity is especially impressive as each seed is no larger than a period
  • Meadows were burned to stimulate the growth of red maids and other seed-bearing plants (Anderson 2005)
• CAUTION – leaves have a high content of oxalic acid and should not to be consumed in large quantities; cooking helps to reduce oxalic acid

Name Derivation

• Calandrinia (kal-an-DRIN-ee-a) – named for Jean Louis Calandrini (1703-1758), a Swiss botanist and professor of mathematics and philosophy
• menziesii (MING-is-ee-eye) – named after Archibald Menzies (1754-1842), Scottish botanist and surgeon
  • For an explanation of this pronunciation see Why is Menzies pronounced Mingis?

Notes

• Flowers close at night or when it’s cloudy
  • This process is an example of photonasty, a nastic response to light 
  • Nastic responses occur when a plant part, such as a flower or leaf, moves in response to a stimulus (Mauseth 2012), e.g., humidity (hydronasty), light (photonasty), temperature (thermonasty), or touch (thigmonasty)
    • Nastic responses are caused by changes in turgor pressure 
    • They are independent of the direction of the stimulus and usually are reversible and repeatable
  • Nastic responses differ from tropic responses
• Intense, deep red and pink colors of red maid petals are caused by betalain pigments
  • Betalain pigments occur only in the order Caryophyllales, to which the Miner’s Lettuce family belongs, and in some mushrooms
  • Most plants in this order produce betalain pigments and lack the more common anthocyanin pigments
  • Betalain can be expressed in all plant tissues, including roots
  • Beets, bougainvillea, ice plant, and many cacti are other examples of plants with betalains
• White, fleshy tips on the seeds are elaiosomes, nutrient-rich food packages that attract ants
  • Ants carry the seeds back to their colony, feed the food packet to their larvae, and discard the seed, thus aiding in seed dispersal (Lengyel 2010)
  • Miner’s lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata) is another Edgewood species that uses this strategy, called myrmecochory
• Previously in the Purslane family

ID Tips

• May be confused with the first leaf form of miner’s lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata), in the same family, as the seed leaves are also narrow, long, and somewhat succulent
• Check out this short video (Jepson 2020) for more ID tips

At Edgewood

• Found in grasslands
  • See iNaturalist for observations of this plant
• Flowers February – June

Specific References

Anderson, M.K. 2005. Tending the Wild. University of California, Berkeley. Pg. 139, 183.

California Chaparral Institute. Chaparral Fire Ecology.

Gauna, F.J. Plant of the Week: Red Maids. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.

Jepson Herbarium. 2020, Jun. 25. Calandrinia menziesii (red maids) [Video]. The Jepson Videos: Visual Guide to the Plants of California. The Regents of the University of California. YouTube.

Lengyel S. 2010. Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: A global survey. Abstract. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 12: 43–55.

Mauseth, J. 2012. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Burlington, Massachusetts.

Mitchell, M. 2017. Montiaceae: Miner’s lettuce family – Red maids. Monterey County Wildflowers, Trees, and Ferns – A Photographic Guide.

Santa Monica Mountain Trails Council. 2013. Red Maids.

Timbrook, J., et al. 1982. Vegetation burning by the Chumash. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4: 163-186. JSTOR.

General References

Calflora Database. 2014. Berkeley, California.

Calscape. 2018. California Native Plant Society.

Charters, M.L. 2015. California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations.

Charters, M.L. 2017. Southern California Wildflowers: Guide to the Pronunciation of Specific, Generic and Family Names.

Corelli, T. 2004. Flowering Plants of Edgewood Natural Preserve (2nd. ed.). Monocot Press, Half Moon Bay, California.

Dave’s Garden.

Elpel, T.J. 2013. Botany in a Day: The Patterns Method of Plant Identification. HOPS Press, Pony, Montana.

Flora of North America. efloras.org.

Harris, J.G., and M.W. Harris. 2013. Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, Utah.

Keator, G. 2009. California Plant Families. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

Native American Ethnobotany DB.

Regents of the University of California. Jepson eFlora. Jepson Herbarium. University of California, Berkeley.